Till 2014, every project needed for a city was being appraised and approved in Nirman Bhawan in New Delhi. With this ‘top-down’ planning, there was no sense of involvement in and ownership of new schemes by city and State governments. Consequently, project and investment approvals were being accorded in the last two quarters of a financial year causing implementation delays. Citizen participation in urban planning and project prioritisation are now made mandatory. About one crore citizens contributed to the making of ‘smart city’ plans.
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